Black Patches In Stool

50 solutions to the Fermi Paradox (30 th solution): There are plenty of CETs, but only within each particle horizon

The biggest proponent of this solution to the Fermi paradox is Michael Hart. To fully appreciate your argument we should understand the concept of particle horizon .

The easiest way to explain it is to assume that the universe is static. Obviously, we know that this is not true, our universe is continually expanding generating more and more space, but anyway, this expansion does not invalidate the reasoning Hart.

Imagine, then, an infinite universe in which galaxies are distributed uniformly, as more or less observe today, slightly less than 14,000 million years after the Big Bang. Surprisingly, the sky does not appear dazzlingly awash with light from the endless galaxies (remember the Olbers paradox). The key lies in the finiteness of the speed of light, so that no signal or influence may have reached us from regions beyond about 14,000 million light years. This distance marks the particle horizon and is the effective size of the observable universe . Nothing is beyond the horizon has had time to reach the observer. Hart

reasoning as follows: First, suppose that the universe is infinite. Since its inception took place some 14,000 million years, the size of the observable universe is given by the distance to the particle horizon. Second, suppose that biogenesis (the development of life from inorganic molecules) is extremely rare (many biologists believe otherwise, but our knowledge of the subject is not too deep). It follows, therefore, that in an infinite universe there will be an equally infinite number of planets with life, but whose respective particle horizons there is only one planet with life.

As Hart notes, the idea can be easily distorted. For example, aliens may visit Earth, or SETI could succeed and signs, or astrobiologists could prove that life spontaneously arose on Mars, regardless of the Earth. However, in the absence of previous evidence, Hart argues that the Fermi paradox leads to a chilling conclusion: we are the only civilization within our own particle horizon. Although the universe contains an infinite number of advanced civilizations, for all purposes, we are alone ...

Sugar Glider Ovulating

Indiana Jones, his big balls, fucking inclines and the odd potato more ...

The year is 1936. Professor of Archaeology Henry W. Jones Jr., better known as Indiana Jones, is facing the dangers of the jungle in Peru, with the intention of recovering the golden idol of Hovitos of an ancient temple, which is accessed through a cave in the mountain .

After surviving a terrible trap, "Indy" is finally appreciated treasure on an altar. Replacing it with a bag full of sand (mentally calculated the weight of the statue, as compared with the bag and convinces him not decide to eliminate some of the sand) to prevent the dangerous consequences of a mechanism connected, the intrepid archaeologist has to leave the temple with the figurine in his hands. Too late. The altar is sinking under the weight of the sand and an immediate storm of darts and arrows of all kinds are unleashed on the spot.

Surely the fictitious tribe of Hovitos to that in the movie referred to under the preceding paragraphs, Indiana Jones in Raiders of the Lost Ark ( Raiders of the Lost Ark , 1981), is based in real the Chachapoyas (my sincere apologies for the painful cacophony) that inhabited the Andean region of Amazonas, northern Peru. The Andes Mountains are the highest in the world, excluding the Himalaya, and that's why the Chachapoyas were known under the name of "warriors the clouds ", as it was believed that reached to touch with their own hands.

Before the English arrived in Peru in the sixteenth century, the Incas had conquered the Chachapoyas. The capital of Cuzco and the Inca empire was in the center of this city, was a great temple dedicated to the Sun, known as "Koricancha" which means "gold store, where they kept many sacred idols made of the most coveted of precious metals.

Cabe, also the possibility that the temple of the Hovitos is inspired by the ancient temple of Cuélap Chachapoyas, 600 meters long and located at 3,000 meters altitude. To get there, people should row to climb a a narrow passage of more than 30 meters long, with walls sloping inward designed to defend against attacks Incas.

After stealing and seize the golden idol of Hovitos, Indiana Jones flees the temple. When he thinks he's safe, suddenly, a huge round rock can be seen from the top of a ramp and starts rolling menacingly down the narrow passage by which shoots our most intrepid archaeologist. Legs giving everything your pants let Emidio Tucci, Indy manages to reach the exit safely.

Stop, stop, stop. Stop the ball for a moment. Well, any questions? Yeah, well, the truth is that I can think of a few, but just be raising three:

1 .- A handful of sand to replace a statue of solid gold?

2 .- Are there any giant boulders perfectly spherical?

3 .- Why can not afford the huge stone, with "all the momentum" that carries with it?

Now, begin with the first, continue with the second and end up finally trying to sow discord because of the third. Incidentally, this last question has a very curious story. I tell it briefly. I guess to remember that a couple of months I taught in Seville a lecture entitled "Einstein vs . Predator: Some things you always wanted to know about physics and you never dared to ask " (I remind you that you can see it in HD here .) Well, remember when was the turn of questions (I had it so good in a long time) someone in the audience (an archeology student, if memory serves me) made me a very similar question, ie, Indiana Jones does not succumb crushed by the rock that if it had pursued an "inertia" huge (you can listen to my crazy response in the video). Few days ago I went to my desk in college and start thinking about bullshit I missed the train, so I said: as much as run it not, because the train has more "inertia" than you. Then I remembered the question of the boy and returned to tell me once more, but what does inertia or inertia, if inertia has nothing to do with this case, if the train is not reached because it is "enchufao" to cables and I have to use the feet bare, with the shit I endilgao breakfast this morning, I did not even reach 30 meters to gauge. And this is the sad story behind this cachondona entry, so I've told you as closely as I could and promptly pass and to answer the questions previously raised.

start with the golden idol and the bag of beach sand. If I forget for a moment the key question, that is, how on Earth do Indiana Jones carries a bag full of beach sand in the bag? and I focus on having a scientific interest, ie to what extent it might be wise to replace a solid gold statue of a bag full of sand? then things change a lot. Now, by the relative size of the idol in the hands of Indy, we can estimate that has a size not exceeding 20 inches in height and 10 centimeters wide. If we model like a cylinder, calculate the volume and multiply by the density of gold (19.3 times that of water) we get that the mass of that not inconsiderable amounts to about 30 kilograms. Doctor Jones, would have been better to carry a sack of potatoes and have removed a couple of them in the manner of man at the grocery store on the corner, do not you think? Great! First question answered. Now for you to justify it, as always, that if the statue is not solid, if you only have a swim in 18-carat gold and other foolish nonsense. Okay, okay, I know them all. A scratch it! I go ahead with the second question. Great

spherical rocks lie Koekohe on the beach (rocks Moeraki ) on the coast of Otago (New Zealand). Local legends claim that comes from potatoes and pumpkins as vases kumaras formerly employed. There are up to 3 meters in diameter. On the beach at Hokianga, North Island, also in New Zealand, can be found Koutu rocks, some over 3 feet in diameter. Katikies Rocks, 20 miles south of Moeraki are also completely round.

In North Dakota may be spherical boulders up to 4 meters in diameter. In Wyoming, Kansas and Utah are 6 meters. Finally, in Peru, the jungles surrounding Cuzco and Machu Picchu, spherical boulders lying in the beds of rivers and streams. Here, one point for the writers, who should not be too cruel. What is tricky now, I go with the third and last of the issues which arose during my lecture in Seville.

One of the topics that my effort is devoted to them in college students is the rotational dynamics of rigid bodies, for that rotation to sound like them round and round and in such case only understand weekends. The case is one of the exercises in class that I propose has to do precisely with the particular case of Indiana Jones. I tell you as briefly (jijiji. ..) I can. Physicists call

a rigid deformable body, in which the distance between two points on the same always remains constant, whatever the force applied to it. In the most basic educational levels, the bodies are considered point particles, ie have no size. Thus, when moving only have what we call translational kinetic energy, because a particle can never describe a rotation around itself. Instead, when you want to describe the motion of a body in a more rigorous, it is essential to consider as particular geometry and size. In this case one can show that the move has two types of kinetic energy, a translation and a rotation. Well, now let one of these rigid bodies rolling from the top of a ramp in which, for simplicity, we will not consider the effect of friction. Without wishing to dwell on the details (they have to deal with my students, that's what they are) the exercise I propose in the classroom is basically that I prove that when the top of the ramp located bodies of different geometries (a ring , a hollow cylinder, a solid cylinder, a hollow sphere and a solid) with speeds reaching no lower plate depend either on the mass and size of bodies, but only on the height from which they were released (the same for everyone) and the particular type of body concerned.

What does all this? Very simple. All you have gravitational potential energy at the top of the ramp turns into kinetic energy, both translational and rotational as they descend, ie consumed in lower part and spin part. Thus, it is not too difficult (not sure my students will agree with this statement) that the order of arrival of the different bodies is as follows: first the solid sphere, then the solid cylinder, hollow sphere and then, finally, the ring and the hollow cylinder, both at the same time. Moreover, if we proceeded to launch only a single class bodies (all solid areas, for example) but of different weights or sizes, all had come at once, regardless of even their different "inertia" (wink, wink and wink). As you can see, the Hollywood writers here have earned another point in its favor, as they have chosen the body faster to threaten all Indiana Jones.

Another conclusion that can be extracted after calculating the rate of arrival of the different solids at the end of the ramp is that it is in all cases lower than that reached in case of being left to fall freely from the same height. Obviously, if we considered the friction with the surface of "puto inclined plane, the situation would be even more favorable for Dr. Jones.

Finally, I will provide some numbers that you can judge the plausibility of the scene shown in the video. If my students have successfully solved the problem, will come to an expression that says that the speed with which it reaches the end of the ramp the solid sphere (the size you have, that is absolutely irrelevant) is 3.74 times the square root of its height. In the film, this point does not seem to be much higher than about twice the height of Indiana Jones. Say in round numbers about 4 meters, which gives a velocity of the sphere of 7.5 meters per second or, equivalently, about 27 km / h. Judge for yourselves if you would be able to run at this speed while I cagáis pants. And is that inertia, wherever it comes, it's scary, very scary. And the archaeologist, his ball ...

GLOSSARY (for people with limited English vocabulary of pure strain):

poya : Right to be paid in bread or money in the oven. Sounds like "cock", which means penis. Emidio Tucci

: Tailor of El Corte Ingles.

enchufao : plugged in, connected.

feet bare, feet, hooves.

foist : get under his belt. Eat, devour.

gauge: which run swift and speedy greyhound fearless.

inertia : ????????? Often accompanied by adjectives such as "much" or "great."

Sources:

Why which had to be snakes? The mysteries of Indiana Jones . Lois H. Gresh and Robert Weinberg . Robinbook . 2008.

My fucking brain, Sergio L. Palacios (Ph. D.), Journal of Mental intelects Tara and absolutely superior, Vol 69, p. 69-96. November 2010.

Curtains Black Silver

50 solutions to the Fermi Paradox (29 th solution): The cloudy skies are common

Nightfall (Nightfall , 1941) is a short story by Isaac Asimov. Considered one of the best in the history of the genre of science fiction, tells the story scientists on the planet Lagash, belonging to a solar system consisting of six stars. Physicists of the world impossible to have recently discovered the law of universal gravitation and she is able to predict the position of any of its six suns, and deduce the existence of a moon that orbits of Lagash. Obviously, this is not visible in the sky because of the eternal light that bathes the entire planet. Asimov

masterfully tells what happens in Lagash when an unusual alignment of the six suns and the moon and an eclipse lagashianos provide, for the first time, the night sky.

astronomers a world it would find it extremely difficult to develop what we call astronomy. Because of its six stars light permanently hidden other celestial bodies, would not know about the existence of other celestial bodies, they could not find other planets and stars. Historically, on Earth, the development of physics has depended critically on whether they tried to explain the orbits of other planets. How have done it without a clear view of the night sky? Lagashiana civilizations as may be superior to ours, have developed much more advanced technologies, but may not even try to contact us because simply would have no idea of \u200b\u200bour existence.

Although the situation described by Asimov is highly unlikely, we can think of many other cases where the physical conditions of an alien civilization could prevent the development of the notion of the existence of intelligent beings on other worlds. What if the planets were common covered with thick clouds? Maybe out there there are thousands of CETs but locked under dense cloudy atmosphere or, alternatively, very close to the galactic centers, where the sky lights up permanently, or in any other planetary environment that could present insurmountable difficulties for astronomy. "It would explain that the Fermi paradox ? Is it conceivable that the Earth is the only planet with the possibility of clear skies?

Template Anniversary Church

physics of tsunamis explained to grannies

If these last few days have been outstanding news, media or social networks you will have noted the enormous hype that was generated by the sad events in Japan . And more often than usual salad terrible confusion and misunderstanding concepts. When these concepts involve my sacred science, physics, my blood boils. That is why I decided to tell here a few basic ideas on the functioning of these amazing phenomena known as tsunamis, tidal waves that have been involved in quite a few films: East of Java ( Krakatoa: East of Java , 1969), The Poseidon Adventure ( The Poseidon Adventure , 1972), Deep Impact ( Deep Impact, 1998), The Perfect Storm (The Perfect Storm , 2000), Tomorrow ( The Day After Tomorrow , 2004), to name a few.

should be noted that a simple yet full understanding of the behavior of a phenomenon such as a tsunami is of great importance, even beyond mere scientific curiosity can you eat unhealthy gut. Note that a large proportion of the misfortunes that occurred, for example, in 2004 when it came to pass the infamous tsunami in Indonesia, was caused by simple lack of basic physical mechanisms that could have been learned at school if we teach once and for all the things that truly interested. For example, lack of knowledge about the time intervals between the different phases of the tsunami phenomenon prevented many people take simple preventative measures they had most likely saved their lives. I am referring to basic concepts, elementary theory of waves , namely: wavelength, period, speed. Return to this point along the post. Previously, some introductory roll.

The word tsunami comes from Japan and comes to mean "harbor wave" or "harbor wave" and the Japanese understand this a while. There tsunamis historically recorded from as early as the seventeenth century. Thus, in 1605, in Nankaido (Japan) killed 5,000 people, in 1703 in Tokaido and Kashima (Japan) as many, the same year and also in Awa (Japan) was another killer wave more than 100,000 lives, four years later, again in Tokaido and another 30,000 died Nankaido humans, 40,000 more in 1782 South China Sea, the legendary event of Krakatoa in 1883 ended with 36,000 lives in the first century XX, in 1908 in Messina (Italy) killed another 70,000.

From the standpoint of physics, a tsunami is simply a wave sustained by Earth's gravity (and not by wind, like waves on the beach. Neither is correct the term "tidal wave" because the tides are not the reason for its origin) in shallow water. Here it should be noted that people often confused with it. Indeed, who at least knows who else that tsunamis occur at sea, where the depth of the ocean can reach several kilometers. How is it then that we speak of waves in shallow water? Really easy. Let me explain. You see, when physicists say that something is too big or too small, we always do by comparison. So, in this case, talk about shallow depth means that this is small when compared with the wavelength of the waves, ie the distance between two crests (or two troughs) in succession.

There are several types of tsunamis: the weather, interns, and local microtsunamis. These latter are those who try to tooooodo loooooong of the post. Typically, they arise from different causes of nature, whether direct impacts of meteorites, landslides in the ocean, volcanic eruptions and earthquakes.

The behavior of tsunamis is quite well understood, unlike what happens with earthquakes. The former are relatively difficult to predict (as will be revealed later), but instead, once generated, the following procedure does not present major difficulties, because they have well-known equations. On the other hand, the seismic waves produced by earthquakes, although reasonably well understood But not so with the process of breaking or fracturing of the soil or with elastic and gravitational energies at play, whose associated equations are unknown.

There are three characteristic lengths to be considered in an earthquake: the length of the fracture, L , the width of the fracture, W and the net vertical displacement occurs at the surface fracture, d . area A = L x W is a parameter of great importance in defining the magnitude of the earthquake. Approximately, we can consider that the stresses The fracture is stored in a volume proportional to A ^{3 / 2} , and energy of earthquake is therefore proportional to the same amount. The magnitude earthquake (still often referred to the Richter scale) is based on the logarithm of the previous power. Live It concluded that two earthquakes whose magnitudes differ by one unit (7 and 8, for example, 8 and 9, etc..) Correspond to relative energies of 10 ^{3 / 2} = 31.6. This means that a magnitude 8 earthquake releases 31.6 times more energy another magnitude 7.

The accurate estimation of the width A of rupture presents difficulties and therefore often give different estimates on the magnitude of earthquakes. In 2004, in the Indian Ocean, have come to take a break values \u200b\u200branging from 1200 km x 150 km to 1200 km x 900 km. The elevation varies between 5 and 20 meters.

When all this tremendous energy is released and enters the ocean water, nearly 99% of it is lost in various dissipative processes. 1% taken, the subsequent tsunami itself, still barely passed 10% of that value. Such figures, an earthquake that would produce an energy release of about 2 exajoules (2 trillion joules), which corresponds to a magnitude of 9.2 deposited in the water-hundredth of that value and the tsunami would reach only 2 petajoules (2,000 trillion joules), plus or minus one-thousandth of the initial value.

The simplest model that is usually set to describe the behavior of a tsunami is basically assume that it propagates in one direction, ie, what physicists call a one-dimensional model, with no losses and considering water as an incompressible fluid without viscosity. If you write the equations that verify a dimensional wave for the case where the wavelength is much greater than the depth of water (above what I called shallow water waves), it can be shown with only a simple algebraic manipulations the giant wave speed is independent of wavelength, depending solely on the depth of the water. If you also apply the principle of conservation of energy is the wave amplitude (the distance between the crest of the wave and the level of the sea surface) decreases in inverse proportion to the square root of the length wave. What effect have these events? Attentive ...

When there is first the tsunami, usually at sea, the water depth typically of the order of several kilometers, while as the tsunami approaches the coast, the water depth decreases drastically and so ends up happening with that speed. Let's do some numbers.

Around 00:58 (UTC) on December 26, 2004, about 160 miles north of Sumatra in Indonesia, there was the famous earthquake and subsequent tsunami that would cause many still keep in memory and Unfortunately, we have returned to remember the events of recent days on the coast of Japan. Located in the Indian Ocean, covering nearly 10,000 km from one end to another, and covers an area of \u200b\u200balmost 70 million square kilometers, its maximum depth reaches 7,725 meters on the southern coast of Java, while the average is around 4,200 meters. Well, taking 4,000 meters as a round figure is obtained for the killer wave speed no less than 720 km / h, comparable to the cruising speed of a Boeing 737 (if the disturbance were to originate in the Trench Marianas, the rate would reach 1,200 km / h, similar to that of a Boeing 747). Even when almost reaches the beach, at a depth of only a mere 10 meters, the speed will reach 36 km / h, almost the average speed of an elite athlete, a specialist in the 100 meter dash. So Therefore, it is understood that it is not possible to escape it, once you realize that comes at you and you have not put out of reach. You see, with a little basic physics, which never taught you in school or at least minimally showed you interested in learning, you could have delivered the fatal plunge. And you would not believe, still need more. I'll hear you like it or not, because the next time your teacher will talk about waves and oscillatory movement might want to pay more attention. Read, read a little more.

wavelengths of tsunamis (I remind you that the wavelength is the distance between two consecutive crests or, equivalently, between two valleys) usually the order of hundreds of kilometers (a very large value when compared with the thousands of meters of ocean depth and therefore the condition of waves in shallow water). Since the amplitude (the height of the wave) varies inversely with the square root of the wavelength, a tsunami that reached the coast with waves about 15 feet high, would have started offshore, in waters about 4,000 meters deep , with a height of a mere 38 centimeters. Now you will understand why the first post I said that was extremely difficult to predict. A wave of 38 centimeters is virtually impossible to perceive as the scary monster they will finish developing. In fact, there are proposals to use gravitational wave detectors to track rapid movements of huge masses. devices such as LIGO VIRGO or track too high frequencies (of the order of tens of Hz) while the signal from a typical round tsunami Hz tenths of a system like LISA was between 3,000 km and 10,000 km away could be used. Unfortunately, its location will fall too far, one of the Lagrange points the Earth-Sun L2, 1.5 million kilometers from Earth. alternatives such as satellite GOCE could also serve in the near future, as their sensitivity and precision to achieve the required detection threshold. So, perhaps constitute the fastest alarm systems.

Venture a little further. Let's take the previous wave, which traveled at 720 km / h. If your period is calculated, ie the time it takes to travel a distance equal to its wavelength and admit to it a typical value of 100 km, we see that it amounts to little more than 8 minutes. This time will remain unchanged when the wave finally reaches the coast, as although the water depth is reduced to 10 meters, the wavelength proportionally decreased to 5 km and the same will happen with speed. And this fact is unknown to most people who come to the beach after watching how the waters recede mysteriously, as indeed the wave period is the time period until it reaches again the mass of water, all his rage and fury contained.

Although the theoretical model we have considered is very basic with considerable accuracy describes the behavior of tsunamis, at least in regard to the period and wave speed. Obviously, there are other different and more sophisticated models, which can even be applied when included in them variations in water depth, for example. Thus, depending on the distance from the tsunami to the coast, it can be shown that the wavefront will describe a change in orientation, drawing a curve with a radius can be calculated without much difficulty. In the 2004 tsunami in southern India, the ocean moves from a depth of 2,000 meters about 500 km from the coast to another 100 meters close to it. The radius of the curve described by the ridges to change direction shifted from 640 km to only about 140 miles closer to shore. Improvements

further refined taking into account the two-dimensional nature of the propagation of waves across the surface the ocean. In this sense, we can consider two variations: one in which the Earth is treated as if it were flat and another that takes into account the curvature of the planet, obviously, this latest variant is the one that provides better empirical results (though the results predicted by both coincide almost to distances of less than 4,000 kilometers from the epicenter), but not in regard to the speed or wave period (for this is simply very well our previous sencillito dimensional model), but While its amplitude, ie the same height. This model reproduces quite well the values \u200b\u200bof the amplitudes, both quantitatively and qualitatively. I explained. Consider a tsunami that originated on one of the poles of the planet (just a guess, something purely hypothetical). From that point, the waves are propagating and extending concentrically, spreading from its origin. With this, their amplitudes must be decreasing with distance, but only until they have traveled a distance on the surface of the Earth of 10,000 km, equivalent to a quarter of the length of a meridian. From there, due to the curvature of the earth's surface, the waves have crossed the Ecuador and must re-converge, which means that their amplitudes tend to increase again. If no energy is dissipated in the time it reaches the opposite should also recover the original values. Of course, all this reasoning remains valid regardless of the point of origin of the tsunami.

In this sense, the Pacific Ocean is a great test lab at the time of study and contrast the various theoretical models that simulate the propagation of a tsunami, for several reasons: it covers almost a third of the earth's surface, the tsunami that occur along the "ring of fire " can cross great distances with relative ease and is dotted with many small islands represent only points of interference with the waves, but instead provide ideal platforms at the time of recording the amplitudes of the waves.

On November 15, 2006 an earthquake of magnitude 8.3 took place on the southeast coast of the Kuril Islands. The amplitudes of the tsunami waves were recorded following his footsteps by as many as 93 different positions, along with their respective distances from the epicenter. The value of the maximum amplitude was recorded in the observing station nearest to it, south of the islands and turned out to be 88 centimeters.

The effects of tsunami waves can be much stronger in one direction than another, depending on the nature and source of local geographical features. The latter may contribute to the formation of so-called " seiches, which are only one type of waves. In 1946, the tsunami reached the shores of Hawaii had a period in waves of about 15 minutes. When he arrived, finally, Hilo Bay, the natural resonance of this, about 30 minutes (the time between two consecutive wave fronts), every second wave caused the tsunami was "in phase" with the Bay (the crest of a wave coincided with the peaks of the others.) Hilo suffered the worst effects of the tsunami, the waves reached 14 meters high and 159 people perished.

Finally, with respect, again, the event of the Kuril Islands in the Pacific Ocean, there were also noteworthy developments which demonstrate once again the critical importance of geographical peculiarities of the places the tsunami passes. Jackson's Bay and Timaru are respectively the northwest and southeast coasts of the North Island of New Zealand. Their distances from the epicenter of the earthquake of 2006 are 10,186 and 10,273 km. However, the tsunami travel times to reach the two destinations were very different: 14 hours and 6 minutes the first for 18 hours and 49 minutes the second. The cause was due to Timaru was in the "shadow" of the island (the opposite side of land that directly hit the waves), so that both processes occurred as diffraction refraction (change of direction in the spread as a result of encountering physical barriers) that significantly slowed wave speed, delaying its arrival.

and said all that, here I stop. If you come at this very moment to head the post title, I mean, certainly there are many kinds of grandmothers. I sincerely hope that your are able to understand what I tried to explain above. As for me, you know that "I have no grandmother" ...



Fuentes:

Tsunamis and Earthquakes: What Physics is Interesting? David Stevenson. Physics Today, 10-11, June 2005.

Explaining the physics of tsunamis to undergraduate and non-physics students . G. Margaritondo. European Journal of Physics. Vol. 26, 401-407, 2005.

The Physics of Tsunami: Basic understanding of the Indian Ocean disaster . M.N.A. Halif and S.N. Sabki. American Journal of Applied Sciences. Vol. 2 (8), 1188-1193, 2005.

Understanding the tsunami with a simple model . O. Helene and M.T. Yamashita. European Journal of Physics. Vol. 27, 855-863, 2006.

Modeling the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami for Introductory Physics Students . Gregory A. DiLisi and Richard A. Rarick. The Physics Teacher. Vol. 44, 585-588, December 2006.

Modelling tsunamis . A. Constantin and R.S. Johnson. Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General. Vol. 39, L215-L217, 2006.

May Gravity Reveal Tsunami? D. Fargion. Chinese Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics. Vol. 6, Suppl. 1, 398-402, 2006.

Alternative tsunami models . A. Tan and I. Lyatskaya. European Journal of Physics. Vol. 30, 157-162, 2009.

Eye Shadow Baggy Eyelids

With bata It Hot (4): Dr. Crawford Tillinghast

" was a mistake that Crawford Tillinghast be devoted to the study of science and philosophy. These matters should be reserved for the researcher cold and impersonal, offering two roads equally tragic and sensitive man of action: despair if he fails in his studies, and the most outrageous and unimaginable horror if he wins. "

So reads one of the paragraphs in the fantastic short story entitled teacher From HP Lovecraft the afterlife ( From Beyond, 1934) and was brought to the big screen many years later under the odd title Resonator ( From Beyond, 1986). By the way, do not miss the unforgettable and exciting scene in which Barbara Crampton neumatiquísima wears black leather and latex. Well, back to the topic at hand and that is none other than the story of the famous American writer, it will have the terrible misfortune of Dr. Crawford Tillinghast, author of "organic and metaphysical investigations." Tillinghast claims that the five human senses are weak and limited and that there are "other stocks equipped with a series of broader meanings, powerful and different. "

In order to prove his theories, manages to create a wave generating machine" acting on some sensory organs that live within us in a rudimentary state of atrophy. "By connecting and following relevant crackling and whirring rigor, appeared a strange color. Addressing his assistant, Dr. Tillinghast says

- " You know what that is? She whispered. They are UV! [...] You thought they were invisible, and so is ... but now you can see, like many other things invisible. "

Apparently, the strange created by Tillinghast device stimulates the pineal gland of living creatures, " the largest sensory organ." A little later:

- " Do not move, because with these rays can see us as well as we see them. "

It is somewhat debatable waves (whatever they are) cause stimulation pineal gland, the gland to which René Descartes same mystical properties attributed some connection between body and soul. But Lovecraft's story is rather inspired by the belief in the energy centers or chakras of certain cultures Asia, as the Hindu. Indeed, one of these, known as Agna Chakra relates to the pineal gland, and is symbolized by a lotus with two petals indigo. The Agna Chakra is the time, perception and light, attributing the properties of a "third eye " attribute that has not at all from an organic point of view, although it bears some relation to the role fotosensorial.

On the other hand, it is true that the human organ of vision has no ownership capture the electromagnetic radiation corresponding to the wavelength of the ultraviolet it turns out that the lens, the lens responsible for focusing on the retina the light rays reaching our eyes is the ability to absorb just in that particular range of wavelengths. Only some people have claimed operated for cataract surgery purchase after a certain sensitivity to these colors, closed to other mortals.

" A little later, I felt a huge passing animate beings and rubbing me, or walked or glided through my supposedly solid body ... "

Insurance Land Liability

I have a ticket for 5 euros, its serial number is: V15840489694
And your short code is: M012A6
The V in front of the serial code indicates that it is English.
Now they will discuss all those who have a ticket, put the value of the ticket, serial number and short code, then seek down to the street and spend your ticket may be, to return to your hands, if you check the serial number of the other tickets to be having. Otherwise, if you find a ticket from someone else discuss it. You'll see as a ticket can travel more than 500 hands in a week.


How do I find the serial number?
Again is printed only on one side (the opposite of the year) in the upper-and lower-right-left ticket. It consists of a letter followed by 11 digits.
How do I find the short code? (1 letter, 3 digits, 1 letter and one digit to end)
If the ticket is 5 €: on the left edge of the colored area, 1cm above the O in EURO
If the ticket is 10 €: in the star right at the beginning or in EURO
If the ticket is 20 €, on the left star
If ticket is 50 €, on the hologram
If the ticket is 100 €, the first word of the text in the window and the stars
If the ticket is € 200: the right of the star to the southwest, written vertically
If the ticket is 500 €, the star of the left
Point in front of the serial number indicates that the country is:


Belgium Z ------ ------ 9
Y -------- ------ 1 Greece
X ------ 2 ------- Germany
(W )--------( Denmark) ------ 3
Spain V -------- ------ 4
France ------ U ------ 5
T ------ Ireland ------ 6
S ------ Italy ------ 7
(R )------( Luxembourg )------ 8
P ------ ---- Countries Bajo - 1
N ------ Austria ------ 3
M ------ ------ Portugal 4
L ------ Finland ------ 5
(K )---- )------( Sweden - (6)
(J )-----( UK )-----( 7)
Slovenia H ------ ------ 9
G ------ 1 ------ Cyprus
Malta F ------ ---- 2
Slovakia ------ E ------ 3

The number behind the name of the country is the result of adding the 11-digit serial number least 9, the 9 do not add and again to add back digits of the result. For example if the serial number is: V15840489694, sums 1 +5 +8 +4 +0 +4 +8 +0 +6 +0 +4 gives 40 and then 4 +0 sums gives you 4 being the number of verification Spain.

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50 solutions to the Fermi Paradox (28 ª solution): They've reached the Singularity

In 1965, Gordon Moore, co-founder Intel, noted how the number of transistors that could be mounted on an integrated circuit appeared to double every 18 months or so. This observation is known today as Moore's Law . If you continue to be met in the next decade will see incredibly fast and powerful machines.

Extrapolating Moore's reasoning, Vernor Vinge create more than likely the emergence of superhuman intelligence within 20 years, one of the following four ways: computers to be aware; networks like the Internet to be aware, human-interfaces computer or biological development of human intelligence. This super-entity could be the ultimate achievement of the human race, as the same entity could design even better, smarter offspring. Moore estimating doubling time in the number of transistors would decrease rapidly, leading to an "intelligence explosion." An event of rapid exponential growth could end the age of humans in a matter of hours. Vinge calls this event "the Singularity."

Although the term does not describe carefully what mathematicians or physicists strictly defined as a singularity, it gives an idea of \u200b\u200bwhat would be a critical point in history: things change very quickly near the singularity (as in the immediate vicinity of a black hole) and it is very difficult or impossible to predict what would happen in case of reach. What would become super-computers, or super-human or human-computer hybrid? Can we know or imagine reaching capabilities, motives and desires of these entities?

Vinge argues that if the Singularity is possible, then inevitably happen. If CETs develop computers (as we assume they will develop radio telescopes, for example) then you too will eventually reach the Singularity. The solution to the Fermi paradox Vinge proposed can be summarized as: extraterrestrial civilizations have reached the Singularity and have become higher beings, super-intelligent, transcendent, unknowable.

Although fascinating, the proposal Vinge presents difficulties. Indeed, even admitting that superintelligence could exist on a non-biological substrate, the Singularity might not happen ever. And there are a number of reasons, whether political, economic or social. Also technological. For example, in regard to achieving the Singularity, advances in software development can be as critical as the hardware. However, although the latter follows the law Moore, it seems, is not the first. We may simply not smart enough to produce the necessary software that leads to the Singularity.

Even if the Singularity is unavoidable even detract from answering the question asked Fermi: Where are these supposed super intelligence? Moreover, we admit that we are unable to communicate with them but it does not follow necessarily that these entities to dissociate the physical world. Why not going to want to colonize the galaxy, like any other advanced CET? Could not the same connection with super-beings that bacteria with us? At the end of the day, two thousand million years of Earth bacteria dominated, and in many ways still do. The existence of humans does not affect the bacteria. Likewise, the mere existence of super-beings need not necessarily affect humans, they can keep engaging in whatever we do and we to ours. And their existence does not affect our ability to communicate with other similar CETs us.

Thus, the existence of the Singularity does not explain Fermi's paradox. In any case, even exacerbates more ...

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Dr. Cal Meacham, prestigious researchers, lives devoted to " study the conversion of common elements in nuclear energy sources." Like any good scientist worth his salt has the ability to fly extremely common fighter aircraft. During one of their flights, the machine breaks down unexpectedly and loses control. When all seems doomed to disaster, suddenly, I get a bright green glow in the sky that quickly envelops the aircraft. A tractor beam mode, it helped to land safely.

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50 solutions to the Fermi Paradox (27 th solution): Catastrophes 10

A fairly obvious solution to the Fermi paradox is to assume that longevity factor in the Drake equation is a very small number. Then examine the idea that extraterrestrial beings may be the authors of their own inevitable destruction.




1 .-

War During the Cold War, many scientists were sure that sooner or later end up CETs discovering the power of uranium and annihilated in a nuclear holocaust, as it seemed on the verge of the human race.

Although a nuclear war could wipe out our entire species, is no less true that the opposite may also occur, ie, there may still be survivors. In the novel by Walter M. Miller "A Canticle for Leibowitz " is narrated that monks are the custodians of knowledge and human knowledge after a nuclear war that has decimated the planet. A few millennia later, humans have rediscovered science and have managed to overcome. Only a few thousand years seem so few cosmic scale as to think that war is the solution to the paradox.

could imagine other kinds of wars: bacteriological, chemical, etc., But they could apply the same arguments that a nuclear war. It is virtually impossible to eliminate all life on a planet and, as discussed below, can be that intelligent life will inevitably arise again in a few million years.


2 .- Overpopulation

One of the hallmarks of life on Earth is playing. The reproductive mechanisms are exotic alien races, unknown, but surely will play each other or themselves. Therefore be their populations under the same mathematical laws of growth than ours.

Until humans developed agriculture, hard life expectancy exceeded 30 years. Birth rates and mortality were very similar to each other and the world population remained constant at about 10 million individuals. In the mid-seventeenth century reached $ 500 million, in 1800, that figure had doubled, doubled again in 1930, by 1975 it reached 4,000 million. Currently around 7,000 million. Obviously, this growth rate can not be maintained indefinitely.


In the coming decades probably the rate of deaths increasingly resembles that of births and the human population reaches a new zero growth (between 11,000 and 13,000 million). We do not know if the standard of living can be comfortable for all and how we behave with each other or our environment. In fact, half the truth is that unless we have transformed and devastated huge areas of our planet, we have increased the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, we have wasted much of the available fresh water and thousands of other atrocities that will not list.

Overcrowding seems to be a serious problem, but is it reasonable to believe that all have failed to CETs when facing such a crisis?


3 .- Gray Plague

Nanotechnology seems to be the destination where naturally converge advances in many scientific disciplines. The same term nanotechnology refers to engineering carried out at a scale of order of nanometers (billionths of a meter).

One of the possible elements of any future nanotech nanobot is a nano-sized robot, perhaps self-replicator. And precisely here lies the potential danger of these devices. What if one of these machines outside the control of scientists the laboratory? To replicate, if the nanobot was made of some carbon-rich material, for example, need to find the raw material and the most logical and could be very abundant in the Earth's surface biosphere, ie plants, animals and themselves humans. Soon, our planet would be reduced to a sea of \u200b\u200bvoracious nanobots surrounded by a kind of organic waste sludge: a gray goo.


There are estimates that say that Earth would be devastated in just 3 hours! And although it is proposed an event like this as a solution to the Fermi paradox of suffers from the same old problem: it seems unlikely that all CETs have been quite a gray goo. Furthermore it seems reasonable that the same scientists that creates the naobots had not arranged a series of preventive measures. A horde of nanobots playing quickly generate a standard amount of heat, easily detectable.


4 .- Particle Physics

We have all read in the press in recent months alarming news about the possibility of destroying the Earth with the dark and sinister experiments carried out in large accelerators particle as the LHC.

The issue is not new. In fact, Edward Teller in 1942 and wondered if the high temperatures generated in a thermonuclear explosion could cause a fire self-sustaining Earth's atmosphere. The calculations (including Fermi himself participated in them) the results were clear: the fireball will cool too fast to cause any danger.

Currently, apocalyptic fears are addressed in line with the microholes blacks, already tried before here, in the event of these terrible monsters, their existence would be so ephemeral that it would not have time to devour so even a proton.

has also been suggested that in large accelerators could reach occur "strangelets " pieces of matter containing strange quarks. The whole earth could become a sphere of foreign matter. Until today have never seen such entities, and it seems very unlikely that exist or may occur in the centers of particle physics.

Another possibility is even more exotic that has to do with the collapse of the quantum vacuum . What if the universe was not in a stable quantum vacuum and a kind of "energy shock" (Caused by experiments conducted in accelerators) causes the transition from the alleged false vacuum in which we find to true?



5 .- The argument "delta t"

There are many ways that could destroy humanity. Besides those mentioned above can be added others such as genetic erosion, epidemics, asteroid impacts, solar variability, flashes of gamma rays and many more.

In 1969, while still a student, J. Richard Gott while on vacation in Europe, visited, among other places, Stonehenge and Berlin. A question arose in his mind: will stand the Berlin Wall as long as the stones of Stonehenge? He reasoned that there was a 50% chance that at that precise moment in history was watching the wall at some arbitrary point fall in the two central rooms of their existence (lifetime divided the event into four equal parts.) If he were, by chance, just at the beginning of this interval, then the wall should have been there a quarter of his life and still would take away three quarters. In other words, should remain in place a time three times greater than the time elapsed since their uprising. On the other hand, if Gott were found by chance at the end central interval, then they would have passed three-quarters of its existence and subtract only the last quarter, ie, the wall would stand even a third of the time since its creation. Having been raised in 1961 (eight years before the visit of Gott) concluded that there was a 50% chance that lasted from 8 / 3 = 2.66 8 * 3 = 24 years. The wall fell in 1989, only 20 years later and within the expected range.


Gott's argument should, in principle, be applicable to any situation where we did not have information at our disposal relevant and / or privileged. If you attended a meeting and there know someone who has been married for 4 years, there will be a 50% chance that your marriage lasts between 4 / 3 = 1.33 and 4 * 3 = 12 years. If we want to extend the possibilities to 95%, the above numbers would be 4 / 39 = 0.1 and 4 * 39 = 156.

The same argument could be used to estimate the longevity of Homo sapiens . If we assume that our species takes about 175,000 years on Earth, then there is a 95% chance to survive even between 4,500 and 6,800,000 years. This estimate does not say how we will die, in fact it could be for any of the reasons set out above or otherwise. Lets just say only that it is highly probable that the human race disappear and some point between these values.

In principle, the idea may seem a nonsense Gott. Now, where it fails? In the final analysis, the argument "delta t" is an extension of the Copernican principle , which states that we are not located in any special or privileged point of space. Gott said the same thing for the time and uses the same kind of probabilistic reasoning to derive a variety of galactic intelligence features, some of them relevant to the paradox Fermi. All depends on the idea that we are each a random intelligent observer, without a special place or time.

First, the colonization of the galaxy may have taken place on a large scale, because otherwise every one of us would, in all likelihood, a member of these civilizations colonizing. Second, saying "delta t" and the Drake equation , Gott found (95% confidence) that the number of civilizations capable of transmitting radio signals is less than 121 (and possibly even lower, depending on parameters used in the Drake equation). Probably there is no civilization K2 type in our galaxy and not a K3 type in the entire observable universe.


Although tempting and difficult to refute, the argument "delta t" seems, at least, uncomfortable. Why intelligent species must necessarily have a finite longevity? Recent observations suggest that the universe may expand indefinitely, in which case the CETs could survive forever. So what is the definition of human race? When do you think, exactly, Gott which came into existence? And, indeed, if our species evolve into "something different, you would have this as the end of humanity?