According wikipedia:
The carbon microphone was invented by David Edward Hughes in 1878.
is a pressure zone microphone where coal (anthracite or graphite) referred to the name, is inside a closed compartment covered by the membrane. These carbon particles act as a kind of resistance. When you get a sound wave to the plate, it pushes the carbon particles that are disordered resulting in a change in resistance and therefore a change in current through it reflect the pressure of the incident sound wave.
This type of microphone have been and are widely used in telephony, because the frequency response between 200 and 3,000 Hz is ideal for capturing the human voice. However, removing the telephony applications and related areas (door openers, etc) are a little micros used because they generate enough noise and frequency response is irregular. Not at all recommended for broadcasting.
The advantages of the carbon microphone: high sensitivity, low impedance and price (very cheap).
The following images were pulled out of the blog " r tambo hatred" and correspnden to the project.
Moliendo graphite rods. There are two bars that allow for use of graphite electrodes or electrical contacts of the microphone.
Materials used. Drilling 
plastic cup. The hole should have a diameter slightly smaller than the carbon rods or electrodes so that they enter and remain tightly attached to the glass. Placing 
graphite rods or electrodes.
final appearance of the graphite electrodes installed in the plastic cup. Adding
carbon (graphite) grain.
View of the required amount of granular carbon. Connecting
one electrode of the microphone.
Connecting the horn to "microphone." Connecting
horn a 9-volt battery.
electrode connecting the battery to the experimental free microphone. With this final step closes the electrical circuit.
Once the electrical connection can speak in the glass, the words are quite clearly played the cornet. We must be clear that the loyalty of our rudimentary device is very poor, but suffering is good to raise awareness about the transmission of voice through electricity, which is the base of the phone. Graphically
(monistic) would be something like
And the result would be something like this:
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