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inevitable colossal screw-ups in Star Trek gamba

Few series have shown throughout the history of television as a Star Trek longevity. Throughout the length and width of hundreds of episodes, the producers and writers have shown us all sorts of wonders and amazing phenomena, full of excitement, adventure, fun and entertainment. But, unfortunately, countless atrocities and scientific errors, sometimes excusable and others less so.

This morning when I went by train to my house after the work day morning in college, I opened the latest chapter in the book by Lawrence Krauss " The Physics of Star Trek " and I found a gem: 10 blunders by the author collected through surveys with fans of the series. Then it occurred to me that this could lead to a great entry into FCF. Well, a few hours later, here is the result. I hope it was worth the work and you like it.

1 .- In an episode of the series makes use of acoustic weapons against a ship in orbit. These sounds are said to reach 18 12 decibels (abbreviated dB).

The scale based on the decibel to determine the intensity of sound is relative and also logarithmic. This means that a sound of 10 dB is ten times less intense than another 20 dB, this, in turn, is ten times less intense than other 30 dB and so on. Consequently, a sound wave "killer" 18 12 dB would be more than 6 trillion times stronger than the greatest sound ever recorded (the explosion of Krakatoa).

2 .- In the episode " Wink of an Eye " Captain Kirk is tricked into swallowing a potion that speeds up their actions to the level of escalosianos , an alien race who lives a life that makes hiperacelerada undetectable by humans. The purpose is that Kirk will become the consort of Queen escalosiana, Deela.

In a desperate attempt to escape from ejaculation "hiperprecoz", the captain fires his phaser weapon against the evil queen. Incredibly, this manages to dodge the beam, using his speed of reaction. How is it possible? However they are accelerating their reactions will never be able to answer faster than the speed of light and that's what you should do if you intend to avoid the impact of a beam moving at that speed it just because the same moment he saw the lightning, it would be hit by it.

3 .- In the episode entitled "Phage " for Star Trek: Voyager drop occurs inside a warehouse in a hole black. In order to escape, through nothing less than a crack at the event horizon.

The event horizon of a black hole is a region of space completely surrounding the hole and in which the escape velocity exceeds the speed of light in a vacuum. Therefore, nothing, not even light can escape. Obviously, being a region of space, does not consist of matter or anything, but simply is a mathematical concept, not physical. You can not cracks or anything like it, like a circle with cracks longer a circle.

4 .- The same previous series, there is a character known as the holographic doctor, a sort of virtual doctor. In one scene, one of his patients asked how strong the case may be a hologram. The doctor's response is so overwhelming as erroneous. He asks his patient to remove the "bundle of magnetic confinement" and that without it, is as disembodied as a mirage.

magnetic fields indeed used in the containment of antimatter , for example, in order to avoid coming into contact with ordinary matter and result in annihilation of both in a powerful beam of gamma rays. Only the particles endowed with electric charge are affected by magnetic fields and can see and altered their trajectories (in large particle accelerators also made use of this property in order to direct the beams to the point of collision). Obviously, a hologram is made of light, ie photons. And photons are particles that have no electric charge, which may never confine them with the help of a magnetic field, no matter how "attractive" and alluring that results.

5 .- In another episode Geordi LaForge and Ro Laren are "outdated" (?!) By a "generator" interface (¿¡?!) Romulan. This makes them invisible and therefore capable of penetrating walls and people. Even so, they can walk upright on the ground and even lay their backsides on solid surfaces prepared to this effect for the rest of us "not out of date." Remember when I tried this item here? Go lag!

6 .- In the episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation entitled " Starship Mine," the Enterprise ship docks at space dock to undergo a sweep of baryons. " Apparently, these particles accumulate in the fuselage of the aircraft as a result of prolonged travel at warp speed.

in the known universe, the only stable particles are baryons are the proton and the neutron, the constituents of the atom. If we remove the baryons of a physical object, physical object cease to exist as such. Goodbye, Enterprise!

In 7 .- Star Trek also has achieved what no Earth laboratory or anyone else in the universe has ever gotten or will get: cool an object to the -295 ° C, ie, 22 degrees below zero absolute temperature , a universal physical limit. To keep ice cream!

8 .- This is a classic and not exclusive to Star Trek: phaser laser beams leave visible traces in the air and, worse, in the empty space. I think I've discussed this on numerous occasions, so I will not dwell further.

9 .- In the episode "Galaxy's Child " of Star Trek: The Next Generation , an alien life form in the form of energy is fed child. After confusing the Starship Enterprise with his mother, begins to "drain" and absorb its energy. Just at the limit, when everyone is about to die, LaForge has an idea: bring the child to radiation emitted from the ship, in a wavelength of 21 centimeters . Proceeding to modify the frequency of the broadcast, the crew gets "sour milk" and the baby finally let them go.

The radiation wavelength of 21 cm is characteristic of hydrogen atoms that make up the interstellar gas, not all matter as we seem to want to believe the writers of Star Trek. Moreover, the atomic transition responsible for the issue is extremely rare. A hydrogen atom in space, the most abundant element in the universe, tends, on average, to experience this transition once every 400 years or so.

10 .- In another episode, this time of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine , Quark, a Ferengi , has a machine capable of altering the laws of probability of events occurring in its vicinity, with which it aims (what else could make) rich. The trick is discovered by Dax, who happens to analyze the flow of neutrinos passing through the spacecraft. To his surprise, found that they all have the same spin state , being absent all others, those with the opposite state.

Big mistake! The neutrino is the only known particle that apparently can exist in a single spin state.

Of course, I'm waiting impatiently for your own contributions ...

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With It Hot gown (3): Dr. Victor von Frankenstein

been 15 years since Baron Victor von Frankenstein was tortured by the Nazis. Severely disfigured his face in his old age and incurable evident signs of senility, the last descendant of the famous creator of the most famous monster of the story decided to create a replica of himself. Virtually destroyed, choose to rent a gloomy castle to a television producer who intends to shoot a horror movie.

The crazy idea of \u200b\u200bBaron von Frankenstein is nothing less than to acquire a powerful nuclear reactor (the lightning storm are overrated) with which to breathe life into his creature. Apparently, the device itself is responsible for synthesizing human tissues of the creature in the image and likeness of its creator. Strange and incomprehensible, their organs of vision (the eyes, the silver) must be implemented. When the experiment is almost ready, again, in a nod rather somewhat cumbersome to original film by James Whale (Frankenstein, 1931), the dull Baron slips through your hands him the bottle. Which served for a brain beaten to the ground in 1931 is not equally valid for a few eyeballs (probably much harder and resistant brain mass) in this jewel of horror films released under the "futuristic" title 1970 Frankenstein (Castle Frankenstein , 1958). Despised battered eyes, the new being will be blind, which will not hold at all that the victims (those endowed with perfect vision itself) begin to fall into their hands, one after another. Mysteries of science ...

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"Amazing" conference at the University of Sevilla

On January 21 I had the great honor and privilege to visit a lovely city as Seville. My friend Jose Antonio, alias "Tito Eliatron " was so bold (and a bit irresponsible, I must say) to invite me to give a lecture at the faculty of mathematics at the university.

The truth is that when I proposed the idea not the slightest doubt. I agreed and I stood there. And very much deserved the penalty because I spent four great days, always entertained by Tito and Carlos friend (who also committed the folly of inviting me to talk other students of the institute where he works). I also met a few friends (not cite because I will not forget any. You are all great).

result of that conference has been a video, which was published yesterday in order Amazings.es and I leave here if you want to listen to this "mental tare" for almost 2 hours! By the way, thank you most sincerely Raven and partners for the huge inconvenience that has been taken to edit all material.

Thanks to all who participated in the organization and, of course, to all who attended the conference!

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Jules Verne and Spanish science

"As for Spain, not could muster only one hundred reals. He gave the excuse that he had to complete its railways. The truth is that science in that country is not very considerate. This is still a backward country. And besides, some English, not the least educated, did not know exactly realize the weight of the projectile compared with that of the moon, and feared that sacase of its orbit, that the crowd on their satellite and trigger functions his fall on the surface of the globe. As might roar, it was best to abstain. This was done, except a few realejos . "[From the Earth to the Moon, 1865]

Today, almost 150 years later follow almost the same ...

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50 solutions to Fermi's Paradox (26 th solution): They are somewhere but the universe is stranger than we imagine I was once

known physical theories explain phenomena at scales as small as the inside of the atom and as large as superclusters of galaxies. Events explain a tiny fraction of a second after the Big Bang and we can also determine the ultimate fate of the universe we inhabit.

Some people may think that physicists are arrogant and too self-satisfied to show the success of their models to explain the universe. These same people believe that science, by the mere fact of being a product of the human mind can not capture the complexity and mystery of the universe. In fact, some scientists and many writers of science fiction have even suggested interesting possibilities. Resolve the Fermi paradox assuming that the universe is as physicists think it is.

other intelligent species may have evolved into a non physical (?!) That transcends the boundaries of spacetime, something similar to what has, for example, Arthur C. Clarke in his novel The end of childhood . According to this reasoning, we would not see any CETs because they have evolved beyond our secular existence.

Another possible solution is proposed that other extraterrestrial beings have developed telepathic abilities with those that manage to communicate over interstellar distances. Maybe even to travel using his mental power, as the " jaunteo " used by Alfred Bester in his novel The Stars My Destination .

And another equally bizarre idea, but ideas based on something more "conventional" is to admit that CETs are busy exploring other parallel universes. If quantum interpretation of the many worlds prove to be correct and move between them possible, then maybe intelligent aliens could be anywhere. Why stay attached to a place like this universe where you can explore other much more interesting?

Although it is true that science has not yet told us all, no one can say that we have discovered nothing. Our universe (the universe, until proven otherwise) seems to be intelligible and in the last 400 years, our science has given us a tremendous knowledge of where they live. Any new theory must not only explain the new observations and experimental facts, but all accumulated until then. Hence it is not so easy to propose new theories. Nobody so far has succeeded in developing a satisfactory theory that takes into account phenomena such as extrasensory perception, telepathy, or travel between universes. In fact, with modern science we can understand the universe without resorting to the existence of such phenomena. This does not mean they do not exist or are impossible, but requires evidence on their behalf and so far none have succeeded.

So while suggestions are given here as the arguments for good science fiction stories, it becomes very hard to take seriously as solutions of the paradox Fermi .

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mathematical means ...

This is an autobiographical post. So, dear reader, I warn you to flee now that you're on time or stay tuned and Pegaditas the seat because you're going to read you will leave, at least, puzzled.

The story goes back to the days immediately after my PhD in physics, back in late 1996. At that time, I decided to abandon the research that had continued throughout my doctoral thesis: the study of the behavior of light in structures called optical waveguides . Around the same time current was a very promising field of research: the solitons . And I threw myself fully to explore this new world. I looked for support in my research group and tried to convince people to reorient the work of the group to which it seemed to me the immediate future of telecommunications. I did not, but I did not broke down or got discouraged. Rather the contrary. Instead of bringing me to my friends with me, I turned away from them and I went solo. When I put something between the eyes, step over almost everything. Of course, without blood.

started from scratch, because I knew absolutely nothing about the subject of optical solitons, a very small field in the vast ocean of solitons, in general, and this phenomenon is known in fields as diverse as fluid mechanics, astrophysics (thought quite justifiably that the Great Red Spot on Jupiter's atmosphere is a special type of soliton known as Rossby wave ), acoustics, etc. Overalls I spent two years studying and reading books and articles in leading scientific journals. And when those endless ended two years, began arriving in the coveted fruit of the effort and sacrifice alone that I conducted.

But let the issue. What was that work that I undertook in 1997 and lasted until 2004, when I decided to leave again? Well, neither more nor less than to study and try to find a very special kind of exact solutions of a very specific equations called nonlinear Schrödinger equations . Yes, the same kind of equation that appears in quantum mechanics, but now modified so that was no longer linear. The nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) describes mathematically the propagation of optical pulses (laser) optical fiber, provided and when the width of these pulses is in the range of picoseconds (billionths of a second).

NLSE presents solutions

This so-called "bright soliton" when the sign of the coefficient that accompanies the end of the second-order dispersion (temporal second derivative in the equation) is negative (anomalous dispersion zone), as it is said that has solutions "dark soliton" when the sign is positive (normal dispersion area).

bright solitons tend to take the mathematical form of a hyperbolic secant function and dark solitons of hyperbolic tangent. When the minimum of this function falls to zero is called black soliton, "leaving the name" soliton gray for the remaining cases. Under certain conditions, they also receive all the generic name of "solitary waves."

There are also generalized versions of the equation NLSE, depending on the appearance of certain physical phenomena, more or less complex, which will not comment here in order not to bore the personal. When taking into account such phenomena is necessary to add corrective terms to the equation, such as higher-order dispersion (third derivative and fourth with respect to time) or nonlinear power-law type, for example, among others. The fact is that the equation that results in all cases it is extremely difficult to manage from an analytical point of view and find exact solutions of the same becomes a really exciting adventure. At least for me. And to this I devoted myself for almost 7 years of my life, using a simple technique called "amplitude-coupled phase." Was basically separated by factoring in spatial and temporal dependencies of the solution function of NLS type equation.

Why are so important these soliton-like solutions? Because from them you can set the conditions under which a light pulse propagates undistorted along a nonlinear material medium. And if the distortion does not affect the pulse, systems such as amplifiers and digital signal repeaters are totally unnecessary. There has been transmitted solitons in optical fibers at distances of millions of kilometers, returning them back almost intact, with little experience attenuation (loss of signal strength) and dispersion (pulse broadening).

As I told above, I spent seven years virtually alone (except for some collaborations sporadic), with everything that entails from the point of view not only scientific but also psychological. I had to solve many transcendent questions by email, did not have subsidized projects who attend conferences and meet colleagues, the articles submitted to scientific journals ran one hundred percent of my account, the "fights" with the "referees" I burned slowly and, thus, finally, disgusted and disappointed by how to proceed in some very intolerant, I decided to leave. The results were expressed in a dozen "papers" to prove that I too was once a researcher ... and mathematical means.

Epilogue .- By the way, if you pique my curiosity, and among you there is any future researcher interested in the field of solitons, here are the references of my work. So enjoy!

1. A simple way to show That dog bright femtosecond solitons propagate in Both dispersion regions of an optical fiber ( Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials, 1999 ).
2. Dark solitary waves in the nonlinear Schrödinger equation with third order dispersion, self-steepening, and self-frequency shift ( Physical Review E, 1999 ).
3. Bright and dark solitary waves in both dispersion regions of an optical fibre ( Journal of Modern Optics, 2000 ).
4. Black optical solitons for media with parabolic nonlinearity law in the presence of fourth order dispersion ( Optics Communications, 2000 ).
5. Bright solitary waves in high dispersive media with parabolic nonlinearity law: the influence of third order dispersion ( Journal of Modern Optics, 2001 ).
6. Cusp solitons in the cubic quintic nonlinear Schrödinger equation ( Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials, 2001 ).
7. An alternative set of bright and dark soliton solutions of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation ( Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials, 2001 ).
8. Solution of nonlinear wave equations of the complex quintic Ginzburg-Landau and nonlinear Schrödinger type ( IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 2002 ).
9. An explicit calculation of the dispersive and nonlinear frequency chirps for femtosecond optical pulses of the high dispersive cubic and cubic-quintic nonlinear Schrödinger equations ( Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials, 2002 ).
10. Method for generating solitons sustained by competing nonlinearities by use of optical rectification ( Optics Letters, 2002 ).
11. Optical solitons in highly dispersive media with a dual-power nonlinearity law ( Journal of Optics A: Pure and Applied Optics, 2003 ).
12. Two simple ansätze for obtaining exact solutions of high dispersive nonlinear Schrödinger equations ( Chaos, Solitons, and Fractals, 2004 ).

P.D. Esta entrada forma parte de la Edición 2.1 del Carnaval de Matemáticas (First Anniversary), hosted by Tito Eliatron Dixit.

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With bata It Hot (2): Dr. Andre Delambre

Andre Delambre is a brilliant scientist and exemplary husband. In the basement of his house has a laboratory where he developed a teleportation device. In one test, which tries to prove himself, a fly slips unexpectedly into the capsule teleporter. Dr. Genes Delambre and insect mix, with tragic results.

These few lines, as many of you and ye shall have noticed, rightfully belong to the history of cinema. Indeed, the argument corresponds to the film Fly (The Fly , 1958). A long, long time told the physics involved in teleportation, so I will not dwell further on the matter, but this time I will focus on the biological aspects of the film. Yes, I know what you're thinking: who's telling me to get into this mess? For the truth is that nobody, but you know that the crusade of this blog is to take science as far as possible and contribute my part to scientific culture worldwide. So I offer this post to participate in the first edition of Biology Carnival organized by Raven in Micro Gaia. Before proceeding, I apologize for my own ignorance on the subject and the piles of which will certainly make mistakes. I promise to go to learn, that I miss.

Well, the start and without further delay. You see, apparently, flies belong to the order "Diptera " and can be found on our beloved planet more than 150,000 species, of which nearly 20,000 live in North America, where it develops (particularly in Canada) action of the film in question. At one point, the maid of the house refers to the insect as a "blue bottle (Calliphora vomitoria), classified as a suborder Nematocera and Brachycera. These flies are considered saprophytic, meaning that they feed on decaying organic matter.

After the doctor Delambre begin to transform into a monstrous creature, a mixture of fly and human, his wife asked to provide only food and a bowl of milk with rum. Although rich in protein, vitamin D and calcium, milk lacks other essential vitamins such as B and C (and also fat soluble, like the E and K). It seems unlikely that an organism mostly human can survive with such malnutrition.

flies tend to have relatively short life expectancy, within a few days to a few weeks. Perhaps this is the cause for which Delambre is extremely eager to show their status reversed. Every day that goes by his personality and behavior change becomes less human, more animal. No longer able to think clearly and ability to type on a typewriter or on the board (through which it communicates with his wife) is phased out. Many diseases associated with DNA exhibit this same characteristic of degeneration and progression.

Returning to the bowl of milk with rum. Flies have chemoreceptors (hairs) at their tips with analyzing the food and can distinguish a variety of flavors. The Delambre-fly monster has an arm-leg and head fly and, therefore, must have chemoreceptors in the first. However, at any time of the film is the creature use. Rather, they can hear sounds similar to those that occur when you suck a liquid, it seems that our poor friend is using its proboscis. Neither shows the behavior of Nematocera and Brachycera related to his habit of dissolving in saliva or regurgitate soluble elements solid food before being swallowed.

sensory stimuli Delambre-fly is another problem. Although entirely unable to talk, they can hear and understand his wife, Elaine. How does she do if you have a big head fly? Moreover, the flies "hear" through a tympanic membranes housed in his head, but their anatomy is quite different from that of mammals, being unable to process the same acoustic wavelengths. On the other hand, the organs of vision are also vastly different in flies and humans. The compound eyes of the former do not seem very appropriate time to identify keys of a typewriter. In addition, both the ear and the eye are used to capture information that is transmitted to the brain via nerve fibers. Does Delambre-fly a fly's brain, human or mixture of both?

The inability to make sounds audible and the frequencies involved and also treated him at the time, so I will not dwell further. Just note that a fly body attached to a tiny human head require lungs that would be responsible for blowing air to the vocal cords, if we want the latter to perform its function. The downside is that flies do not have lungs.

Changing the subject, it would be interesting to know the degree of viability as shown in the movie, do not you think? Come, go with it.

DNA, ultimately, is DNA, regardless of which species come in concrete. May, in some sense, like the letters of a language. The letters of the Western languages \u200b\u200bare essentially the same and are the sequence and order of these letters that determine a specific language. With DNA is the same. Although simply stated so there are only four different letters: C, G, T and A; the computer in different ways emerges all the huge variety we know in this biological planet. Change a single letter of the above and what you get may be radically different. Not only that, it is also the "syntax" and "score" of DNA that regulates how individual genes are expressed. Mother Nature has done this so that the different species of DNA are mixed and remain genetically pure species.

That said, it is possible to mix DNA and have, say, human enzymes to read and translate fly DNA. Of course, you can make the level of individual genes, whereas in more complex systems such as organs would be extremely difficult (not to mention in whole organisms).

The fly better known and studied from a scientific standpoint is the Drosophila melanogaster, also known as fruit flies. The majority of genes (genome) have been characterized, mainly by inducing mutations in them and observing the results. Thus, we have generated a multitude of strange specimens: people with eyes on the antennae, with additional sets of wings or legs instead of antennae. Modifying genes in this small insect, scientists have learned a lot about the structure, organization and function of them. Certain anatomical sections such as wings, head, feet, etc.. develop from gene segments, controlled by homeotic genes called (hox genes, more briefly). Are mutations of these genes hox those involving abnormal replacement of parts of the body by others in the organization to which they belong. Basically, a mixture of hox genes introduced into the body of Dr. Delambre instructions such as "leg of the fly goes here" and "fly's head goes here." This may have some overtones of reality, as the hox genes region, with its 180 nucleotides in flies is remarkably similar to that found in humans.

As therapies gene are advancing and the technology becomes more accessible, we may be able to introduce genes in man with obvious evolutionary advantages (eg, the ability to metabolize cellulose , the most abundant source of carbon in the Earth). At the end of the day, as I said, DNA is DNA and, in principle, the gene fusion is possible. In the future, when better understanding of the regulatory elements of certain genes, in all probability we will find the doors of extraordinary events y. .. might be terrifying. Stay tuned!

Sources:

The Bilogy of Science Fiction Cinema . Mark C. Glassy. McFarland & Company. 2001.

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You looked at the sky I watch your spine

Something very strange is happening in the world of Royce, American mercenary rogue. Suddenly and without knowing why, is hurtling into space from a fighter jet. Do not know where or how he got there. Soon, he begins to meet with seven other characters, who have also fallen from the sky in the same unknown landscape, filled with tropical vegetation and sweltering heat and humidity. Little by little they are giving, they all have one thing in common: they are armed to the teeth. Well, and they all speak English, despite being among them a special operations agent, an Israeli soldier, one African and one Russian and a Mexican hit man, a Japanese yakuza, and even a doctor. Tremendously

bewildered, undertake the march all together. At first everything seems pretty normal, but soon begin to notice strange effects. Royce realizes that carries compass fails could you be still and draw a fixed point, as usual. In addition, the sun does not appear move across the sky, remaining static. The perplexity of such murderers is perfectly understandable if you think with a little logic and scientific knowledge, skills so little cultivated in our times, especially poor people, very bad. Does a compass crazy and lazy sun are not easy to find near the poles? Oh, sure, but at the poles of peeled cold makes the gonads and these tough guys are in the middle of a jungle, with a heat and Norwegians want for themselves. What's going on, then? Has the climate change has suddenly and caught everyone in their underwear, but with guns very hot? Are they part of a collective nightmare, an experiment or simply, they are all dead and have coincided in hell?

The few lines above are part of the story line of the recent sequel Predators ( Predators , 2010) of one of the most prolific film franchises in recent years. On the screens of all the cinemas of the world have passed the famous and terrifying "predators", members of a cruel and bloodthirsty alien race, from an extremely hot planet and whose ultimate hobby is to hunt down humans or, failing , as the terrible xenomorfos "Aliens" corrosive acid blood, always with the laudable purpose of collecting his bloody spines, uprooted with furious frenzy.

But back to our players where we left off, still shaken by the shock of not knowing where they are. While still walking inside the forest, are suddenly attacked by unknown creatures of extreme ferocity. Your thoughts become even more confusing. Determined to find out what is going on, opt for trying to leave the foliage of the jungle and be given a better position to observe. When you finally reach a promontory his doubts are dispelled at once. Before them, a breathtaking sight and terrible at the same time. His eyes behold the sky astonished. On their heads are several planetary bodies of various sizes. It is obvious that there are on Earth. But then where? And above all, why?

Do not shatter the movie and I will stop right at this very moment. And I do to address an issue that I find very interesting. I am referring to the relative size of the stars when viewed from another celestial body differently. All we have seen many times the Moon and the Sun from the Earth, our planet. Despite that their actual sizes are very different, ye shall have come to realize that, seen from the Earth's surface, their apparent sizes are remarkably similar. With this curious coincidence can enjoy a spectacular eclipses. But why the apparent sizes of the two stars are so similar? I'll tell you in one word: mathematics.

You see, it is an elementary exercise to deduce the expression of apparent diameter of an object to be viewed from a specific distance. Only you have to draw a circle that represents the body observed. Then, from a point outside the circle above (which represents the place of observation) trazáis two lines: a tangent to the circle and the other passing through its center. These two lines, along with the radius of the circle define a triangle. If you remember the concept of tangent of an angle, it is easy to apply to the angle formed by the two straight lines above from the point of observation. This angle is the apparent radius of the star observed, and its tangent is just the ratio of its actual radius and the actual distance separating the two bodies. To have the apparent diameter, simply multiply by two. Simple, is not it?

Well, let us apply now the above expression to the moon and the sun Their respective radii are 1,750 km and 700,000 km, while their distances from Earth are worth 385,000 km and 150,000,000 km, respectively. The calculator tells us that the Moon's apparent diameter as seen from Earth, is 31 minutes of arc, similarly, the Sun reaches 32 minutes. Almost identical!

Moreover, the expression of the angular diameter can also learn how to see the Earth from the lunar surface. To do this you only need to replace the little formula the radius of the Moon by the Earth. The stunt that leaves tells us that Earth's angular diameter is 1 degree with 54 minutes of arc, ie Earth seen from the moon nearly 4 times larger than the Moon from Earth. Is not it great?

is more than obvious that the closer the two stars in question are much larger apparent sizes in the sky. However, there are several difficulties. One has to do with the so-called Roche limit , named after the French mathematician Edouard Roche, who determined theoretically for the first time in 1850. The Roche limit is the minimum distance at which two bodies can be approached without the gravitational tidal forces including fragmented, reducing them to pieces. Never been found in any natural satellite in the solar system whose distance from the home planet is less than the Roche limit. When this happens we find incredible structures such as rings of Saturn, made up of thousands of fragments with a variety of sizes. It is all due to the struggle between two opposing forces: the gravitational force between different parts of the satellite, which tends to hold it together and the gravity exerted by the planet in different ways on different parts of the satellite, depending on their distances from each . Thus, the attraction will be greater on the side closer and much smaller on the face away.

A very simplified calculation, but accurate enough, the value of the Roche limit can be carried out without further that equal the difference between the gravitational forces acting on the two ends of the satellite (the one closest to the planet and far from it) with the gravitational attraction between two pieces of the satellite (each with half of the total mass) separated by a distance equal to the radius of it. Is obtained and an expression that relates the Roche limit to the radius of the planet and the respective densities of both stars.

So, once again, in the case of the Moon Earth and the minimum distance which could reach one another amounts to about 19,000 km. This incredible distance cover the moon in the sky at an angle of 10.5 degrees, ie 21 times larger than now. More spectacular still be contemplating our planet from the surface of the Moon, would spread no less than 37 degrees.

Then, in view of the foregoing, is it reasonable to contemplate the awesome spectacle that our anti-heroes in the game reserve of Predators? Then there is everything, really. First, we do not know if our friends are on a planet and what they see are satellites of the same or vice versa, ie, there is the possibility of staying in a satellite and other satellites are contemplating and / or planets peers, along with the mother planet. To provide a starting point, I will turn to our own solar system (alternative hypotheses can consider yourself as fun). Of the eight known planets, Jupiter is the largest. Of all the satellites, Ganymede is the largest, also belonging to the Jupiter system. Nevertheless, the diameter of Ganymede is just over 5,000 km, less than half the land.

Suppose therefore, that the Predators ferocious sport on field trips on a moon of a Jupiter-like exoplanet unknown, also known as " hot Jupiters" orbiting a star's habitable zone which falls right where the action unfolds. The movements of the actors are quite similar to those that can develop on Earth, which assume that the moon has the same characteristics in terms of size, mass and density as Earth. Using the known values \u200b\u200bsimilar to Jupiter, it is clear that Roche limit should fall around the 112,000 km, measured from the known exoplanet. In this extreme case, the vision of heaven may be shocking, as would cover a region above 65 degrees.

However, not all that easy. Indeed, a body similar to Earth, and located only 112,000 km of a planet like Jupiter would be subject to gravitational forces 340,000 times more intense than those suffered by our own Moon. In fact, the Galilean moons of Jupiter in the flesh experience tremendous tidal forces. Io, the closest of them, for example, suffers a persistent volcanic activity due to the constant action of the giant gravitational presides over its skies. Callisto, on the other hand, is subject to pull over a hundred times greater than that experienced by the moon because the Earth. The world of "Predators", even though at a distance of three times its Roche limit, would be affected by a gravitational force 37,000 times greater than that between the Earth and Moon. Of course, there would be a beautiful sky, a planet occupying more than 24 degrees above the horizon. A spectacular sight, where nobody will pull your spine ...

Sources:

A Simplified Treatment and Simulated Experimental Theoretical Calculation of the Roche Limit . Michael C. Loprest. The Physics Teacher. Vol 44, 381-383. Sept. 2006.

My fucking brain, Sergio L. Palacios (Ph. D.), Journal of Mental intelects Tara and absolutely superior, Vol 69, p. 69-96. November 2010.

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50 solutions to the Fermi Paradox (25 th solution): They are communicating, but we fail to recognize the signal

right. Suppose his math is different, even more advanced than ours. If they were passing right now, would we be able to identify their communications?

We have seen that the efforts of search programs as SETI extraterrestrial intelligence are currently focused especially on signals whose frequencies fall in the range of multiples of the emission line of hydrogen. But if the mathematics of CETs are very different, perhaps the aliens can not see anything special in these frequencies and have no meaning for them. This, however, is a minor problem. Even assuming that issued in the above frequencies, these signals should be encoded in some sort of mathematical language. How to recognize, then? Would it be possible to decode?

SETI efforts are doomed to failure if its scientists can not distinguish a broadcast of another artificial natural. Physicists have shown that if you send an encrypted message in an efficient and optimal means of electromagnetic waves, then a receiver does not know the coding system would find the message indistinguishable from a typical black body radiation, the radiation emitted by any object The simple fact of being at a certain temperature.

advanced CETs If they really want to acknowledge them, must encode their messages so that we may recognize and artificial, without any doubt. A signal containing pulses distributed in accordance with any obvious pattern (the first numbers cousins, or similar) would not leave room for doubt. Now if we managed to detect a message, how would we know decrypt and access your content? Consider, for example, in the famous Voynich manuscript. Believed to have been written sometime between the thirteenth and seventeenth centuries. However, has not yet been deciphered. Appears to contain information on herbology and astrology, among other things, but nobody is sure for sure.

Whatever the information contained in the text, the truth is it was written by a human being like us, with our own feelings, emotions, cultural background, etc. And yet, wrote a book that we can not to decipher and understand. If this happens to a member of our own species, what can not happen with an inhabitant of another world completely different from ours?

If aliens exist and once we managed to get a message from him, most likely be our most lasting feeling of a terrible frustration at not being able to understand. It may take hundreds or thousands of years without that we could succeed in deciphering their content.



What keeps all this relevant with respect to the Fermi paradox ? We have seen that a possible scenario is that they have realized CETs long ago that interstellar travel is impossible and have decided to communicate through coded electromagnetic signals efficiently and optimally. Have lost interest in contacting young civilizations like ours, so that only detect black body radiation, indistinguishable from other natural astronomical objects. We could be facing a new explanation or solution to the paradox, but again it is a prediction that can not be tested.

On the other hand, if we detect a source signal clearly artificial, even though we could not decipher, it could infer the existence intelligent extraterrestrial beings. Therefore, we must separate the question of the understanding of their messages from their mere existence, as the former is not relevant in providing a solution to the Fermi paradox .

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With gown already crazy (1): Dr. Janos Rukh

One of my favorite themes in the film is the so-called "mad doctors", "mad scientists" or "mad scientists." So I decided, after appropriate consultations, launch a new section on the blog. The devote to these characters, often misunderstood, solitary geniuses like me who roam the world looking for understanding and ... victims. Hope you like!

Dr. Janos Rukh, misunderstood and humiliated by his fellow scientists, lives in isolation, accompanied by his beautiful young wife and his left blind mother in a remote mansion in the interior of the Carpathian mountain range. Dedicated

body and soul to their research, built an instrument that captures the light rays from interstellar space. Pointing his telescope at the distant Andromeda nebula, its light gets trapped and "electrically transfer" to a projector. Adequately protected (the damaging light of Andromeda was the cause of the blindness of his elderly mother, years ago) to " ultimate barium crown glass (?!) Shows the incredible discovery to a select audience: his own wife, Diana, Dr. Benet (a former rival), Sir Francis Stevens, Lady Arabella (his wife) and his nephew Ronald Drake. Having demonstrated

" reproduction theory wave of the past", the projector displays, using the light trapped in Andromeda, the images of the Earth, as it was " few billion years ago "at the very moment that a huge meteorite impacted in an unexplored corner of the African continent, according to the same doctor Rukh claims, contained abundant quantities of a new element that has been dubbed "radio X" (the "X" has always been important to the "mad doctors"), much more powerful than ordinary radio. Dear Dr.

Rukh, how is that you can see events billions of years ago, when the light from Andromeda is located only 2.5 million light years and therefore can offer no images prior to 2.5 million years ago? "There was African, as such, thousands of millions of years? Have you heard of Pangea or drift continents and plate tectonics? How do you know what chemicals or substances present in a meteorite, without having properly analyzed? Intuition "male?



Stunned by the enormous possibilities that open to science, Dr. Benet convinces Sir Francis to organize an expedition into the African continent, with the aim of finding the meteorite extract all the radio and X it contains. Once there, Rukh comes forward, along with a few carriers, and discover the desired substance. And, of course, accompanies her fate once again. Contaminated by the intense radioactivity, your body phosphorescence shines in the darkness. But his misfortune did not end there. Indeed, with great pain to discover that anyone who plays with his own hands he died on the spot. Terribly frightened, goes to Benet, who manages to synthesize an antidote to the daily dose to be injected for life to slow the deadly effects. Dear Dr.

Rukh: I suppose it's for his despair, but I would not trust too much and I think five times before injecting something I've been prescribed a type that radiates with "zitilio taken directly from the solar spectrum" (?! ) defenseless babies.

But it does not count our unfortunate friend is with betrayal "cuernil" his beautiful wife, Diana. Madly in love with the nephew of Lady Arabella Stevens, both moved to Paris, where Dr. Benet uses the newly discovered radio miraculous healing power X, even able to restore sight to the blind.

Consumed by jealousy and the edge of madness, Rukh decided to take a terrible revenge, armed with a powerful light beam ...