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50 solutions to the Fermi Paradox (24 th solution): Your math is different

One of the great mysteries of science is mathematics why are so unreasonably effective, why describe the nature as well as they do. Whatever the reason, truth is gratifying that we can understand the universe mathematically. We are able to build bridges, airplanes, computers and other technological marvels many thanks to mathematics.

Perhaps most mathematicians, at least tacitly, have Platonic ideas. Platonic philosophy holds that mathematics exist in some form regardless of the reality of space and time. Thus, the work of a pure mathematician is, therefore, like a gold digger, trying to find fragments of absolute pre-existing mathematical truth. The math is discovered, not invented.

Other mathematicians, however, argue the opposite. For them, science has no meaning or existence independent of human consciousness, is a mere figment of our intelligence, a social phenomenon, part of the culture of human beings. This anti-Platonic view holds that mathematical objects are created by us according to our daily needs. That evolution can strongly anchored to our brains a "simple form." Even neurologists think this might be located in a particular area of \u200b\u200bour brain: the inferior parietal cortex.

would not be too surprising if it turned out that we all have a unit Arithmetic processing in our brains. At the end of the day, our ancestors lived in a world where the ability was crucial to count discrete quantities of items such as predators or prey. This ability to perceive the number of certain objects is very useful and we would expect that animals possessed a kind of "number sense".

Indeed, it seems clear that different animals such as rats or chimpanzees (among many others) are able to perform rudimentary numerical judgments. However, it is unlikely that they can carry out a process of "telling", at least in the literal sense we understand. In animal experiments it is difficult to rule out the possibility that cognitive processes made using much simpler. For example, when it comes to a small number of objects, animals may be using the so-called "subitizing ." We, after all, do too. When we have a set with a small number of items (less than six, say) we are able to know the exact amount without explicitly counting them. However, we will not distinguish between, say, 27 or 28 cakes on a plate. In this sense, animals do not need to, because for them there much difference between having 27 or 28 bananas in a basket at the time of feeding. To distinguish between many and few, is sufficient. Thus, although the integral calculation ability, or simply multiply is not innate, one could argue if the fundamentals of arithmetic are. Whole numbers are not Platonic ideal forms that exist independently of human consciousness, but rather are creations of our minds, artifacts created by the manner in which the brains of our ancestors interpreted the world around them.

In all the above is an interesting question: what would the mathematics of a CET? Have they developed their own " Fermat theorem, mean value , etc..? If it appears that their evolutionary history has been similar to ours, maybe not. Why should I? If they had evolved in an environment where variables change continuously rather than discrete, may not have invented the concept of integer. What if I have developed a mathematical building not based on the concepts of number and set, for example? We may find this hard to imagine, but may not be more than a deficiency of our limited human imagination.

The key point is that mathematics allowed us to develop human technology. Perhaps this constitutes a necessary condition. For a civilization to build interstellar radio transmitters, you need only understand the law of inverse square law and some other math "Earth." One possible solution to the Fermi paradox CETs could be that mathematicians have developed other systems different from ours and inapplicable to the design and build communications systems or propulsion devices.

And, as usual, the drawback is the same. CETs not all have to do the same and proceed in the same way. There may be intelligent species that inhabit the waters of an ocean and do not need at all develop as the Pythagorean theorem, but surely there will also be other Earth-like and may resemble us, running to develop a similar math. Even putting in the worst case and admitting that his mathematics constituted something very different to ours, would not that just one of the reasons for wanting to communicate with other intelligent beings?

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Why are blue, Dr. Manhattan?

Jonathan Osterman was a nuclear physicist who developed his research in the area of \u200b\u200bthe intrinsic fields of the subject during the decade of the twentieth century 50. In an unfortunate accident, is trapped in the chamber in his laboratory and suffers the total removal of their own "intrinsic field" (sic), disintegrating completely. Officially given up for dead, miraculously manages to rebuild its atomic structure, under a new guise and endowed with amazing superpowers. Naked, excellently equipped and surrounded by a bluish glow, from then on be known around the world as Dr. Manhattan, a member of the Watchmen, the superhero stars of the graphic novel by Alan Moore and Updated by Dave Gibbons brought recently hand film Zack Snyder Watchmen ( Watchmen , 2009). James Kakalios

Account in his book The Amazing Story of Quantum Mechanics the blue Dr. Manhattan did it occur to Dave Gibbons for simple disposal. Apparently, on one hand, the red color to the character made her seem to be surrounded by flames, while the green color it resembled too much the Hulk. On the other hand, the rest of the tonal range would seem that his skin was normal, when what was intended was the opposite, given the special circumstances of the ordeal experienced by Osterman. So, we decided to give bright blue tone we all know. And according to the same Kakalios, perhaps the choice was, at last, after all, the most appropriate. Why? Let's see.

Since early last century it was known that certain transparent media such as glass, water or some crystalline substances emitted a faint blue-white glow when placed in the vicinity of intense radioactive sources. Marie Curie It had come to report on the observation of the phenomenon in his famous bottles containing radium salts, shining in the darkness of his laboratory in Paris. Overshadowed by the intrinsic importance of the discoveries in the field of radioactivity at the time and because, in principle, attributed its origin to a kind of fluorescence , the previous phenomenon went unnoticed until 1929 when a Frenchman named L. Mallet discovered the effect is now known by the name of Cherenkov radiation. His name has passed into history because their work did not provide a theoretical explanation of the observations made.

basic investigations were conducted from 1934 to 1938 by the experimental physicist Pavel A. Cherenkov, while under the supervision of Professor Sergei I. Vavilov. In 1937, two theoretical physicists, both members of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR Ilya Frank and Igor Tamm provided the theoretical basis. Cherenkov both as to the latter two were awarded the Nobel prize in 1958 for their contributions.

What we know as Vavilov-Cherenkov radiation, or simply Cherenkov radiation, is an optical phenomenon similar to the famous boom produced by supersonic flying objects when they exceed the speed of sound. Also you can see a similar phenomenon when a ship moves rapidly through the water. If the boat is quiet and disturb the surface of the water (dropping a stone, for example) will observe a group of concentric circular waves (The center coincides with the point where we threw the stone) that are moving away gradually. In contrast, if the boat starts moving, the waves are no longer concentric with increasing speed, tend to concentrate near the point where the bow. Exceeding the speed with which the waves propagate in the water, they come to form two wave fronts (one on each side of the boat) that are seen to leave a trace in the form of V , in which the apex of the letter coincides with the bow. In the air there is a phenomenon quite similar, only in three dimensions, forming a conical surface whose axis coincides with the direction that moves the flying object.

The analog optical (electromagnetic) to the two previous effects (mechanical and acoustic) is known as Cherenkov effect and occurs when an electrically charged particle moving through a transparent medium with a speed exceeding the speed of light ( electromagnetic waves) in the same medium. And you must understand this as a violation of the precepts of Einstein's special relativity. Indeed, the speed that no material object (equipped with mass) can be overcome is that of light in a vacuum (299,792, 458 km / s). What happens is that light travels at different speeds in different media, always depending on the particular value of refractive index thereof. Thus, in the water, the speed of light is 33% slower than in vacuum because the refractive index is 1.33 instead of 1. Not surprisingly, then, to find certain radioactive substances capable of emitting electrons (beta radiation ) and that these relatively easily exceed the speed of light in the medium in which they are specific.

Suppose we have an electron (that is any electrically charged particle) in a straight line passing through a sheet of glass. In regions close to the passage of electron polarization occurs , ie the electron clouds of atoms in glass is offset from the positions previously occupied due to Coulomb repulsion caused by the electron travel, resulting in structures called dipoles. If the charged particle velocity does not exceed that of light in the glass, the dipole given sufficient time arranged symmetrically with respect to the instantaneous position of the electron. In this way, do not emit any radiation. However, if the speed exceeds the speed of light in the glass, the scenario is completely different. Now, the arrangement of the dipoles is asymmetric, because they have no time to follow the electron blooming. The dipoles begin to emit radiation all in a single angle with respect to the original direction of the particle that passes through the middle (hence, all emissions form a conical surface whose axis coincides with the direction of motion). The radiation from each dipole interfere constructively and produce a coherent light similar to that of a laser. This light is Cherenkov radiation, and in the case of water or glass, the emission cone angle is about 41 º. For air, only slightly more than 1 º.

The work of Frank and Tamm to suggest that the amount energy that accompanies the Cherenkov radiation varies inversely with the square of the wavelength of the same, ie focuses on blue-violet region of the visible spectrum. And this is the same bright blue tint seen in the water of the swimming pool of a nuclear reactor. Where else do you know? Exactly! In the skin of Dr. Manhattan. Do you produce then, somehow, the quirky doctor, electrically charged particles at high speed emitting Cherenkov radiation? So ask your artist, Dave Gibbons, who first chose the color of bloody chance, right? He'll know ...

Sources:

Cherenkov Radiation: its Origin, Properties and Applications . Jelley JV. The Physics Teacher. Vol I (5), 203-209. November 1963.

The Amazing Story of Quantum Mechanics . James Kakalios . Gotham Books. 2010.

My fucking brain, Sergio L. Palacios (Ph. D.), Journal of Mental intelects Tara and absolutely superior, Vol 69, p. 69-96. November 2010.

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50 solutions to the Fermi Paradox (23 th solution): Not wanting to communicate more

So far we have assumed that CETs want to communicate. But maybe not. Alien beings, if any, will be the product of billions of years of evolution in non-terrestrial environments, with feelings and emotions probably very different to ours. How can we pretend to understand their motivations?

One of the reasons why a CET could choose to remain silent is fear. In issuing the space, it reveals the position and perhaps also the level of technological development. Potential ears to hear can be enemies or, worse, berserkers. Perhaps caution is a fairly common trait among alien intelligence.

has also been suggested that the curious and inquisitive spirit of the human race itself may be absent in the minds aliens. You might think that these CETs lack of curiosity and desire to understand the workings of the universe ever develop the technology needed to communicate. At the end of the day in the history of our planet have been cultures "isolationists" (the former Ming China, for example) who did not want to have dealings with others. Perhaps a similar philosophy is common among CETs.

Another argument has to do with a kind of lack of humility. For example, why a civilization more advanced than ours would want to contact us? What should we teach them or what they might learn from some inferior beings? Do we ourselves try to establish contact with bacteria or germs?

Our current understanding of the laws governing the universe is not too late (at least, I think) so it seems questionable that the aliens might like to talk to humans about physics. His would be the same physical laws that govern our universe, the same as yours, in short. Instead, they may show interest other issues, such as our religion, ethics, philosophy or art.

Some authors have suggested that super-CETs try to avoid contact with us in order not to rub our inferiority are just waiting to be able to make significant contributions to the conversation and decide to join the select club Galaxy. However, Frank Drake himself discusses this argument, stating that all of us to a greater or lesser extent, we are constantly in communication with intelligences greater than ours: children learn from older adults learn from the great authors, etc.

can think of many other reasons why the CETs are so reserved. They may feel fully realized and are quite happy in his home planet, seeing no need to look to anyone else. Anyway, the point is that all previous resolutions possible Fermi paradox require uniformity most unlikely reasons. If the galaxy is home to one million civilizations (as the optimistic version) then perhaps some of them show no desire to make contact. But to explain the paradox that every civilization needs to behave the same way, which seems highly unlikely.

Moreover, the problem is even deeper. To develop interstellar communication, a civilization, presumably, need a community of millions of brains. Without going too far, humanity has depended for centuries a huge number of brilliant minds to achieve its present state of technological development. If this is also true for the CETs, then there could be billions of intelligent beings out there, some of whom have access to an unimaginably powerful technology. In this case, the previous resolutions of the Fermi paradox demands a uniformity of motives or reasons not only between CETs, but also individual members or groups within a single CET.

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know that old devil devil ...

In a future where interstellar travel is common, a spaceship is suddenly trapped inside a cloud of interstellar dust. Unable to see anything, not even the glow of the brightest star, are surrounded by the blackest of darkness.

onboard sensors determine that the cloud is formed mainly by hydroxyl groups, consisting of one atom of hydrogen and oxygen, formaldehyde molecules (H 2 CO) the first polyatomic organic compound found in the interstellar medium, consisting of a carbon atom, one oxygen and two hydrogen. Although hydrogen is the most common chemical element in the universe, the spacecraft science team confirms that there are only 5% of the inside of the cloud. Where have you gone to hydrogen which apparently seems to be missing and that is essential in the operation of the engines, then use a capture of interstellar hydrogen is carried out a nuclear fusion reaction ?

The reason given by the crew shortages hydrogen inside the cloud is that " some process has concentrated oxygen and carbon space in unprecedented numbers, enough to consume the hydrogen in a volume of several cubic light years ." Although at no time provides an explanation of the process of concentration of carbon and oxygen (the two most abundant chemical elements in the universe, after hydrogen and helium), the fact is that the reasoning carried out by the protagonists of the story to alluding foregoing paragraphs basically flawless.

Indeed, today it is thought that the process by which formaldehyde generated is called hydrogenation ice carbon monoxide (CO). Thus, the CO molecule capture a hydrogen atom to form HCO, to recapture another hydrogen atom more leads _{the molecule H 2 CO} . Thus, atomic hydrogen would disappear in the cloud, its density is so small that it would be enough to sustain nuclear fusion in the engines of the spacecraft and, consequently, result in the detention facilities.

the Fusion, the person responsible for engineering the merger of the vehicle, a very peculiar, extremely self-centered and aimed at acknowledge some errors, you must find a solution as quickly as possible, because, otherwise, the ship will exhaust all its reserves and may not resume running again.

Among the passengers is an old school teacher for children. Using the "life skills", and almost complete disuse, being regarded as outdated, with which he teaches his students, he referred to one of the hostesses who thinks he knows why the ship is stopped . He claims to have deduced that the engines are switched off due to impurities found within the interstellar cloud. Intrigued, the stewardess continues inquiring with interest. The old professor says that the hydroxyl can not be the case, as there are unreasonably harmful to the fusion system. Instead, the most likely suspect is formaldehyde, and carbon compounds that are particularly harmful. Are compounds that do not blend easily (requiring high temperatures). When heated to a few hundreds of millions of degrees, are broken down into single atoms and the concentration of oxygen and carbon fusion system damages the engines of the ship.

In order not to offend the fusionist and not raise alarms that cause panic among the other passengers, the teacher proposes to the hostess she is to submit his ideas with the utmost discretion. What is the solution that has come up for re-operate the engines? Well, simply cause absorption of harmful impurities at moderate temperatures. Thus, the hydroxyl is combined with formaldehyde in an ordinary chemical reaction that will not hurt the system. The energy released in the reaction, although well below that produced in a nuclear fusion reaction will be accumulated and used to complete missing the ship. Upon resumption progress could recapture atomic hydrogen in the usual manner as soon abandon the interior of the interstellar cloud.

Quiz: What is the name of the author and the title of the story alluded to in the preceding paragraphs?

NOTE: This entry is my contribution to the first edition of the Carnival of Chemistry, organized by Dani ( That pale blue dot).

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50 solutions to the Fermi Paradox (22 th solution): Berserkers

During decade of 1950, the Cold War strategists contemplated the idea of \u200b\u200ba gun the day of Judgement, a weapon so terrible and uncontrollable that was capable of destroying every vestige of human life on the face of the Earth. Thus, if the enemy knew that you are willing to make use of a device so devastating, even dare to attack. Probably, the American writer Fred Saberhagen had in mind the gun the day of Judgement when he wrote his stories about berserkers.

The berserkers the stories of self-replicating machines are Saberhagen whose mission is solely to ending all forms of sentient life. One similarity that could be established to imagine is to see them as probes Bracewell-von Neumann , but with an air of meanness, machines are prepared to kill and kill and kill.

Thus, the relevance with respect to the Fermi paradox seems clear: the CETs may be besieged by berserkers, or worse, have been killed by these, or may not dare to reveal their situation fear of being detected artifacts murderers. It seems a relatively elegant solution of the paradox. Now, it has overtones of reality, or is it just pure science fiction?

If CET managed to build probes capable of colonizing the galaxy, then, unfortunately, turn them into berserkers would not be too far out of reach. Anyway, it is hard to imagine a race or wants to develop technology intelligent species berserker, as this technology is so dangerous to the creators and for any other kind of life. Also, what could be his motivation to build such devastating weapons? If your propórito would colonize the galaxy, could take place simply by being the first to do: remember that the time of colonization required is well below the age of the galaxy. However, we should not show too optimistic about the possibilities of the berserkers. Assume that the scheduling of a probe "tight" mutase. Perhaps a chance collision with a cosmic ray lost changed the code line where it says "seeking new ways of life and possible civilizations" with another saying "looking for new ways of life possible civilizations and ends with them." Inevitably evolve self-replicating probes and, therefore, seems highly unlikely that berserkers also appear spontaneously sooner or later.

Assuming the berserkers can be considered more critical. Even admitting that there were, could inevitably be a nemesis? Could not the CETs inoculated themselves, as they would against a virulent disease? Moreover, the berserker stage includes in itself a Fermi paradox: if there are, what we're here? The berserkers and should have sterilized the planet. In contrast, the geologic and fossil records indicate that life has been present on Earth for millions of years. There have been several mass extinctions and they all have perfectly natural explanations. The universe is already a dangerous enough place without berserkers. So why do they have silenced us and other civilizations have left us in peace?

Arguably berserkers only destroy the life forms with a certain technological development and need an "apology" (presumably, the detection of radio waves, for example) before shooting. But this extra step in the argument all it does is ruin what potentially is an elegant solution to the Fermi paradox. After all, if the berserkers are all that are supposed to be, where are they?

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MERRY CHRISTMAS 2010

This year I want to congratulate

making a modest interpretation of a beautiful song called "I'll be home for Christmas" - "I'll be home by Christmas."

Hope you like.

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